Educational Disclaimer

CipherMatrix is an educational resource. Please keep the following in mind.

• For learning and checking. The calculators are meant to help you understand methods and check your own working. They are not a substitute for a textbook, a lecturer or your own reasoning.
• Verify important results. Although every algorithm is tested, no software is free of errors. Do not rely on a result without verification where an error would matter, for example in an examination, a publication or an engineering design.
• Academic integrity. Check your institution's rules on the use of calculators and online tools for assessed work.
• Cryptography is for demonstration. Textbook RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal and the classical ciphers shown here use tiny parameters and no padding. They are insecure and must never be used to protect real information.
• Approximate values. When a result is numerical rather than exact (for example some complex roots or eigenvalues), the calculator labels it as approximate.